As an important relic of ancient Chinese art, the murals in Mogao Grottoes carry rich historical and cultural information and artistic creativity with their color language. Five Hundred Robbers Becoming Buddhas in Cave 285 is a classic story painting of the Western Wei Dynasty. Its color configuration is famous for its vivid visual expression and unique technique system, which provides a typical example for the study of the color aesthetics of ancient mural paintings. Based on the perspective of art, this paper systematically analyzes its artistic characteristics and color configuration, in order to reveal the core logic of mural color in form composition, visual narrative and material technology, and provide theoretical support for the contemporary interpretation of traditional art language.