This paper focuses on the cultural artifacts from the ancient collection of the Kong Family Mansion, analyzing the cultural foundations of traditional Chinese colors and their manifestations in these artifacts. Traditional Chinese colors, deeply influenced by nature, evolved into a five-color system—green-blue, red, yellow, white, and black—which underwent dynamic transformations across dynasties. The Kong Family Mansion’s artifacts, comprising heirloom household items and ritual vessels preserved by Confucius’ descendants, reflect the craftsmanship, socio-cultural contexts, and political-religious ideologies of different historical periods, while embodying Confucian principles and hierarchical order. Through analyzing the chromatic schemes of three representative artifacts—the Ming Dynasty Wanli-era blue satin brocade python robe, the Qing Dynasty Yongzheng-era yellow-ground enamel sacrificial offerings with painted peony motifs, and the Qing Dynasty Qianlongera famille-rose "Fortune, Prosperity, Longevity" deer-head vase—this study reveals the pivotal role of color in aesthetics and cultural continuity, offering traditional chromatic aesthetics as a reference for contemporary design and artistic creation.