This article focuses on the core position and innovative path of color teaching in art education in colleges and universities, and explores the concept innovation, method optimization and practical application of color teaching in the context of the digital era. The research combines color theory, art education laws and modern teaching technology to analyze the limitations of traditional color teaching and proposes a four-in-one teaching model of "theoretical construction - technological empowerment - practical innovation - literacy cultivation". By analyzing the educational value of color teaching in terms of aesthetic perception, innovative thinking, and cultural inheritance, the intrinsic connection between color teaching and the improvement of students' core artistic qualities is revealed. At the same time, specific solutions are given for practical problems such as homogenization of teaching content, superficial technology applications, and single evaluation systems. Research shows that scientific color teaching can effectively stimulate students' artistic creativity, strengthen cultural identity, provide practical reference for the reform of art education in colleges and universities, and help cultivate compound artistic talents that adapt to the needs of the new era.