The article primarily focuses on the cultivation of children's color perception and aesthetic abilities during the primary school stage. It elaborates on the necessity of developing these abilities, including meeting cognitive development needs, aiding emotional expression, and laying the foundation for artistic skills. The text analyzes practical challenges, such as the lack of aesthetic education in schools, interference from negative social color information, and individual differences among children. It proposes cultivation pathways, covering the creation of a high-quality campus color environment, leveraging natural and life practices, and utilizing art as a guiding tool. The study provides theoretical and practical references for enhancing children's color perception and aesthetic abilities in primary education.