With the continuous deepening of digital transformation in education, AI technology is an important means of comprehensive innovation in primary school art teaching, and the implementation of color unit teaching mode can cultivate students' aesthetic literacy and color application ability. In order to improve the adaptability and effectiveness of AI technology and color teaching, this article conducts a series of analyses and research on the practical approaches of teaching color units in primary school art under AI empowerment. The results indicate that adopting practical strategies such as optimizing technology adaptation, strengthening teacher training, and anchoring literacy goals can significantly improve the quality and effectiveness of primary school art color teaching, thereby promoting the collaborative improvement of students' aesthetic perception, color application, and innovative thinking.