In response to the prevailing focus on quantitative indicators in research on the health effects of urban greening, often overlooking perceptual characteristics, this study introduces the variable “urban greening color consistency.” A mediation model was constructed and tested using survey data from residents of Zhengzhou City to examine its pathways of influence. The results show that urban greening color consistency significantly promotes residents’ psychological restoration (β = 0.568, p < 0.001); psychological restoration positively affects mental health (β = 0.189, p = 0.009); and urban greening color consistency indirectly influences mental health through psychological restoration, with an indirect effect of 0.138 (95% CI [0.017, 0.249]). The study reveals that the organization and consistency of greening colors are important factors affecting mental health, elucidating the mechanism by which greening influences mental health from a perceptual perspective. These findings provide insights for refined greening governance and public space optimization oriented toward healthy cities.