In primary school art education, color perception ability constitutes a key component of students' artistic literacy. Drawing on the psychological development characteristics of primary school students and their performance in art learning, this paper thoroughly analyzes the significance of color perception in enhancing students' aesthetic literacy, stimulating their creativity and imagination, and promoting their all-round development. It further proposes cultivation strategies such as creating engaging teaching scenarios, connecting with real-life experiences, adopting diverse teaching methods, and organizing art activities. The aim is to provide practical references for fostering color perception ability in primary school art teaching, helping primary school students better perceive, understand, and apply colors in their art learning.