Color science, as an interdisciplinary field that integrates natural sciences, social sciences, and art design, plays a significant role in industrial innovation, cultural heritage, and social progress. This article first expounds on the core connotation and development history of color science, and then analyzes the current development status of color science in China, including significant progress in top-level design, platform construction, theoretical research, and technical application, while also revealing bottlenecks such as the lack of top-level policies and insufficient interdisciplinary crossover. On this basis, it explores the development trends of color science in areas such as digital intelligence, sustainable technology, and interdisciplinary integration, and proposes countermeasures from five dimensions: policy support for the disciplinary system, educational popularization, the establishment of industry-university-research platforms, cultivation of high-end talents, cultural heritage, and international exchange, aiming to provide references for building a China-centered color science system and enhancing international competitiveness.