Art appreciation and practice in secondary vocational schools, as the key carrier of cultivating students' art literacy in secondary vocational education system, occupies an important position in aesthetic education teaching. However, as far as the current teaching practice is concerned, the course of art appreciation in secondary vocational schools still faces many problems to be solved urgently. Some students' cognition of color is limited to superficial intuitive feelings, and it is difficult to effectively transform color theory knowledge into stable aesthetic judgment accomplishment and practical application skills. In view of this teaching situation, the research first clearly defines the core connotation of color aesthetic ability, and then systematically analyzes the practical value of cultivating this ability in art appreciation and practice courses in secondary vocational schools, and then constructs several adaptive training paths. The purpose of this study is to provide practical guidance for art teaching practice in secondary vocational schools, promote the dual enhancement of teaching pertinence and effectiveness, and help students realize the all-round improvement of color aesthetic cognition, judgment, creation and application ability, so that they can better meet the requirements of professional posts and daily life practice, and lay a solid foundation for the professional development track and comprehensive literacy accumulation of secondary vocational students.