Color perception ability is an important foundation for human cognition of the world, development of aesthetics, and expression of emotions. It has significant regularity in the early stages of childhood development. This article is based on the theories of developmental psychology and art education, combined with the physiological development characteristics and cognitive development level of lower grade students, and divides the development of color perception ability in this stage into the "intuitive and concrete perception stage" in the early stage of lower grade (6-7 years old) and the "preliminary differentiation and associative perception stage" in the middle stage of lower grade (7-8 years old). By analyzing the core characteristics of color perception in two stages, including the forms of expression, cognitive characteristics, and influencing factors, this study reveals the development logic of color perception in lower grade students from "passive reception" to "active correlation", providing theoretical support and practical reference for the hierarchical design and precise guidance of color teaching in primary school art education.