The digital education strategy has created an opportunity for the modern transformation of traditional art teaching. Aiming at the pain points in upper primary school art color teaching, such as the single perception of light and color contexts, the high cost of trial and error in color mixing, and the subjective and vague evaluation criteria, this paper, from the perspective of digital and intelligent aesthetic education, analyzes the internal mechanisms of technology-empowered color teaching in terms of perception expansion, tool innovation and evaluation refinement. It further proposes transformation paths including restoring the changing contexts of light and color with virtual technology, breaking the limitations of traditional color mixing by virtue of digital tools, constructing a color culture map through the integration of cloud resources, and introducing intelligent systems to quantify the evaluation of color perception. Meanwhile, the paper conducts a prudent reflection on the aesthetic alienation and the challenges to teachers' and students' literacy that may be caused by technological intervention, aiming to explore the balance between technological logic and artistic laws and provide practical guidance for improving students' core literacy in color.